Some of her essays are collected in Feminism and American Literary History ; she has also edited and introduced many reissues of work by earlier American women writers, from Judith Sargent Murray through Kate Chopin. See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Amazon Price New from Used from. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt , Paperback at the best online prices at eBay!
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A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood.
An Age of Revolutions in Europe and the Americas The eighteenth century was a time of radical, and often violent, change in Europe and the Americas. The fundamental ways in which industry, government, and society worked were changed forever. The Industrial Revolution In late-eighteenth-century England, the industrial revolution completely changed the way most people lived and worked in no small part by changing where they lived and worked.
Populations moved from rural farms to growing urban centers. Partly as an effort to find new markets for its manufactured goods and partly in search of natural resources, England began a concentrated effort to acquire territories abroad, especially in North America. By the mid-nineteenth century, England a relatively small island nation had become the hub of a new world economy. England's industrial economy grew so quickly that it went unregulated in many ways.
This gave rise to dangerous and unfair working conditions for the vast majority of laborers, including children. Urban population growth usually outpaced any city's ability to provide for its new inhabitants. This meant cramped and unsanitary living conditions for most people.
Industrializing England saw a series of urban epidemics—including typhoid fever and cholera—though it was primarily the lower class that was affected, and not the wealthier middle or upper classes who could afford access to better living conditions. Yet another result of the industrial boom was expansion of the slave trade, which provided much of the labor in England's colonies.
As England became an increasingly important economic power, it began to have greater and greater effect on other national economies. For example, English textiles, produced through the use of innovative new technologies, were cheaper than what India could produce. This led to de-industrialization in India as laborers moved out of the cities and back into agriculture.
Democratic Revolutions As the industrial revolution changed the way that people worked for so many in England and abroad , so too did democratic revolutions change the way that people lived at the most fundamental level. Revolutionaries in North America and in France argued against long-standing traditions of rule by an unelected monarchy.
Instead, they rallied for government of the people, by the people, and for the people to use Abraham Lincoln's later formulation. In , colonists in North America declared their independence from the English king. Political rule would devolve, not from hereditary monarchy, but rather by consent of the governed.
The people would elect a president. This was a radical shift in how political power would be determined and made legitimate. In France, the monarchy had long ruled with absolute power, and with little concern for the majority of the people.
In , a mob stormed the Bastille a Paris prison and symbol of royalist power. This marked the beginning of the French Revolution, in which the general citizenry would rise up against an oppressive, tyrannical monarchy.
The new revolutionary government in France insisted on political rule based on reason, not royalist heredity. The French Revolution, a revolt that saw the public execution of the king, had an enormous impact around the globe, as populations saw the possibility for social uprising that could lead, even through violence, to a fundamentally new form of government.
However, ruling classes also learned the lesson of the French Revolution, and many feared that their own populations would revolt as well. A number of nations, including England, went to war against France. By , France was at war and in disarray. A radical revolutionary group, the Jacobins, took power from to This period came to be known as the "Reign of Terror" and represented, to many, the worst aspects of absolute monarchy reborn in revolutionary violence taken too far: the Reign of Terror seemed to repeat the very tyranny that the revolution had fought to overthrow in the first place.
Out of this tumultuous period in French history would emerge a soldier of singular importance: Napoleon Bonaparte. His ambition seemed to know no bounds: he sought but ultimately failed to conquer vast territories, not only most of Western Europe but also Egypt and Russia.
Napoleon's armies were thwarted in Egypt and Russia, and were finally defeated decisively at Waterloo, Belgium, in Nevertheless, though his rule as emperor was relatively short, its impact was considerable.
He ruled as a tyrant but his "Napoleonic Code" established systems of governance throughout Europe and beyond that were based not on hereditary power or tradition but on merit and ability. As Napoleonic ideals which in part reflected the ideals of the French Revolution itself spread across Europe, they began also to have an effect in European colonies abroad. Inspired by the French and American Revolutions, colonies in South America began to protest for their freedom and independence.
The year marked a high point of revolutionary activity in Europe and abroad as the lower classes began to argue, and to mobilize, for their rights. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published their famous Communist Manifesto, in which they analyzed how workers were fundamental to economic prosperity and that, as such, they should enjoy rights and freedoms that had too long been reserved for an elite few.
Literature in the Age of Revolutions Literature has always played an important role in revolutionary movements, either by provided those movements with grounding principles or by reflecting back to society what revolutions have meant.
The French and American Revolutions were grounded in the principles of Enlightenment thinkers, especially their belief in reason as the ultimate guiding principle that would lead to a better society. Literature can contribute greatly to a revolutionary spirit as artists decry injustice in their works and as they bring to light social problems that need to be addressed.
Some artists take their role as revolutionaries literally. The revolutionary spirit of the age was echoed by artists as well, in that many took up the charge to reform art's basic principles, to break away from static traditions that they believed had limited art for too long. The mid-to-late nineteenth century saw a new era of globalism. Empires enabled or forced cultural exchange, and new methods of communication and transportation enabled the diffusion of people and ideas like never before.
EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! The 9th edition includes a 2 volume set and an expanded 6 volume set. Each set is represented by a distinct, separate record Volumes A, B, C are the expanded version of Norton anthology of English literature, Volume 1, 9th ed Volumes A, B, C are available individually or as package 1 in a 3 volume cased set Volumes D, E, F are the expanded version of Norton anthology of English literature, Volume 2, 9th ed Volumes D, E, F are available individually or as package 2 in a 3 volume cased set Includes bibliographical references and indexes V.
Introduction ; Timeline ; Anglo-Saxon literature : Bede ca. Christ v. Norton in English May 16, Edited by Lisa. August 29, Edited by ImportBot. August 6, Edited by IdentifierBot. December 14, Edited by WorkBot.
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